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<title>Autoflow</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autoflow</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Autoflow</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mike Guzik</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Applied_Data_Research" title="Applied Data Research">Applied Data Research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1964<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1964</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Assembler_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembler language">Assembler language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data">mainframes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">proprietary</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Autoflow</b> was an <a href="Application_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Application program">application program</a> from <a href="Applied_Data_Research" title="Applied Data Research">Applied Data Research</a> (ADR) for <a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> that reads <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> programs and produces a <a href="Flowchart" title="Flowchart">flowchart</a> of that code. It is historically notable as one of the first software applications to be offered for sale independent of the system it ran on, as well as the first to receive a <a href="Software_patent" title="Software patent">software patent</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEServices197010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEServices197010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to be licensed to customers rather than sold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Autoflow was introduced in 1964 for the <a href="RCA_501" title="RCA 501">RCA 501</a>. Originally intending to have <a href="RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> purchase it and give it to their customers, RCA thought its $25,000 price was too high and declined to buy it. ADR then approached 501 owners directly, becoming what is generally accepted to be the first commercial software vendor. The RCA market was small, so ADR ported it to the <a href="IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">IBM 1401</a> and began sales into that much larger market in 1965.

</p><p>These early versions required the user to indicate the symbol for each chart entry using a numeric code entered as a <a href="Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comment</a> in the code. This was fine for new programs being written, but users had no interest in modifying their existing programs to use it. ADR modified Autoflow to decode the type directly from the instruction codes, allowing it to produce a flowchart by reading the original unmodified program. This version was also ported to the hugely successful <a href="System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a>, where it saw its most use.

</p><p>IBM introduced their own program, Flowcharter, but it was a much simpler system where the entire chart had to be specified by hand. Despite the clear advantages of Autoflow, customers felt that IBM would add Autoflow-like features to their program, and give it away for free like other programs in the IBM collection. To stop this from happening, ADR filed for a patent on the concept, which was issued in 1968. By 1970 the company had several thousand customers and by the end of the decade it was one of the top five software companies in the world.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p><a href="Applied_Data_Research" title="Applied Data Research">Applied Data Research</a> (ADR) was formed in 1959 in <a href="Princeton%2C_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, by seven programmers from <a href="Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a>. Their initial concept was to sell programming consulting services. In 1964, <a href="RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> approached the company with the idea of a <a href="Flowchart" title="Flowchart">flowcharting</a> application for the <a href="RCA_501" title="RCA 501">RCA 501</a> computer. Flowcharts were widely used during the design phase of the programming effort at that time, but, as is the case today, the end product rarely followed the original design. By producing a flowchart from the existing code, customers could document their actual programs. When ADR wrote up such a proposal with a $25,000 price tag, RCA expressed little interest, as was the case for some other computer vendors they approached.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetz19981_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetz19981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The company had free nighttime use of a 501, so <a href="Martin_Goetz" title="Martin Goetz">Martin Goetz</a> decided to assign Mike Guzik to write an initial version, which was completed in 4 to 6 months. Once again, RCA declined to take it up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetz19981_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetz19981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, computer companies generally gave away software they had developed, making their machines more attractive, a policy that continues today as <a href="Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">pre-installed software</a>. After spending an estimated 5 to $10,000 on development ($101,384 in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">

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</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Consumer Price Index deflator">2024</span>), Goetz decided they would market it directly to RCA's customer base of about one hundred 501 users at $2,495. They had two sales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199837_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199837-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Goetz then decided to sell into the much larger market for the <a href="IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">IBM 1401</a>, which numbered in the thousands. The program was modified so it read IBM's <a href="Autocoder" title="Autocoder">Autocoder</a> programs rather than 501 <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> in a 10-month effort. Although there was significant interest, there was little uptake. The main problem was that Autoflow required one to mark up the original program with comments containing numeric codes that indicated the type of instruction, processing, branching, etc. The 1401 market already had a large amount of software written for it and prospective customers showed the most interest in using Autoflow to document these programs, but little interest doing any modification of those programs to make that possible. Once again the program was modified to allow it to decide the type based directly on the Autocoder instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By this point, IBM had introduced their own flowcharting program, Flowcharter. In contrast to Autoflow, this program required the user to describe the entire flowchart using a separate input file, it did not read existing code, and was therefore much more labor-intensive to use. But IBM also had a policy of giving away software they had developed, and prospective customers widely believed IBM would add Autoflow-like features at some point and there was no point in licensing Autoflow. At this point Goetz decided to head off this possibility before it happened, and in 1965 he filed for a patent on the concept of reading existing code to produce a flowchart. The patent was issued in 1968, the first <a href="Software_patent" title="Software patent">software patent</a> issued in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEServices197010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEServices197010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Goetz was also concerned that customers would simply copy the program and give it to other prospective customers, among the first explicit mentions of the concept now known as <a href="Software_piracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Software piracy">software piracy</a>. He consulted with Mort Jacobs, the attorney who prepared the patent filing, and they decided to attack the issue by offering the program under a licensing arrangement, not selling it outright. The agreement signed by customers was thus written in the language of an equipment lease agreement, thereby leaving ADR as the legal owner throughout, and explicitly stating that unauthorized duplication would break the agreement. While this did not make it any harder to make a copy, it gave ADR legal recourse if this happened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The major success of the <a href="System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a> led ADR to port to this system, as well as supporting three languages, 360 assembly, <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> and <a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>. By 1970, they had over 2000 users. By the early 1970s, the company had opened 30 sales and support offices in the US and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199839_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199839-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, they still found significant numbers of prospective customers that used the IBM program because it was free. In 1967, ADR filed a complaint with the <a href="US_Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Justice Department">US Justice Department</a> (DOJ), and after many meetings, the DOJ opened an investigation and found many other companies who faced the same problem of attempting to compete with free products. In April 1969, ADR sued IBM for monopolizing the market, and in June, IBM announced they were dropping bundled software entirely, starting 1 January 1970. ADR's suit continued and was eventually settled with a $1.4 million payment from IBM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1970_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1970-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_output">Example output</h2></div>

<p>ADR's advertising for Autoflow used this example:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrochure1972_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrochure1972-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<pre> |

* 07

* *

*COMPARE*

LOW * 3 TO * EQ

-------* ACTIVITY *--

| * CODE *

| * *

| *

| HIGH|

| |

| * 08

| * *

| YES * IS *

|------* ACTIVITY *

| * CODE 6 *

| * *

| *

| NO|

| |

| | 09

| ---------------------

| | CHANGE ACTIVITY |

| | CODE TO 8 |

| ---------------------

V |

---------(*)---|

T16 | 10

---------------------

| MOVE ACTIVITY CODE|

| TO O/P |

---------------------

</pre>

<p>The lines represent the program flow from state to state. At the top are two diamond-shaped comparisons, which are numbered as step 7 and 8. The first comparison has three possible branches, to the left if the value of "activity code" is less than three (LOW), equal to 3 (EQ, on another page not shown here) or greater than 3 (HIGH). If the code was greater than 3 it then performs a second test to see if it is equal to 6. If not, it changes the code to 8 in step 9, if it was less than 3 or equal to 6 it skips that instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Myler1998_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myler1998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources suggest that the <a href="MARK_IV_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="MARK IV (software)">Mark IV</a> <a href="Report_generator" title="Report generator">report generator</a> had filed for a patent in the US the same year but been refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell-Kelly2005213_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell-Kelly2005213-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software patents had been granted as early as 1966 in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEServices197010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEServices197010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEServices197010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFServices1970">Services 1970</a>, p. 10.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199838_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 38.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetz19981-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetz19981_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetz19981_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoetz1998">Goetz 1998</a>, p. 1.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199837-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199837_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 37.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell-Kelly2005213-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell-Kelly2005213_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell-Kelly2005">Campbell-Kelly 2005</a>, p. 213.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBellido2017" class="citation book cs1">Bellido, Jose (2017). <i>Landmark Cases in Intellectual Property Law</i>. Hart Publishing.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199839-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199839_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 39.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrochure1972-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrochure1972_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrochure1972">Brochure 1972</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Myler1998-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myler1998_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarley_R._Myler1998" class="citation book cs1">Harley R. Myler (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IisfMsdBe2IC&pg=PA32">"2.3 Flowcharts"</a>. <i>Fundamentals of Engineering Programming with C and Fortran</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>36. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-62950-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Luanne (January 1998). "A View from the 1960s: How the Software Industry Began". <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">36–</span>42. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.646207">10.1109/85.646207</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoetz1998" class="citation techreport cs1">Goetz, Martin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/10/102746516-05-01-acc.pdf"><i>How ADR Got Into the Software Products Business and Found Itself Competing Against IBM</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCray1970" class="citation news cs1">Cray, Douglas (21 August 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/08/21/archives/adr-trust-suit-settled-by-ibm-adr-trust-suit-settled-by-ibm.html">"ADR Trust Suite Settled by IBM"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFServices1970" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1389&context=mgmtservices">"First EDP Software Patent Granted to Jersey Concern"</a>. <i>Management Services: A Magazine of Planning, Systems, and Controls</i>. Vol. 7, no. 5. 1970.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Kelly2005" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mttlr.org/wp-content/journal/voleleven/campbell-kelly.pdf">"Not All Bad: An HistoricalPerspective on Software Patents"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Michigan Telecommunications Technology Letters Reviews</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">191–</span>248.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBrochure1972" class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/172/692"><i>AUTOFLOW</i></a> (Technical report). 1972.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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